Period 2: Grammar and usage

Step 1: General introduction to Adverbial clause of time led by “when, while and as”

1. Warming up

Warming up by reading, turn to page 24 and do the exercises.

1)      Ex1: Read the sentences and answer the questions.

2)  Ex2: Match the two parts of the sentence.

2. Summary

l         “When” is used when the sentences refer to a single event in the past.

l         “When” and “while” are used when the sentences refer to a period of time in the past.

l         “As” is used when the sentences refer to a progressive change.

3. Translate the following into English paying attention to the bold words or phrases

1)       他从学校回来时，他妈妈正在烧饭。

2)       他在看书时，他的妻子一直在烧饭。

3)       他一边烧饭一边唱歌。

4)       我们正要动身，这时天突然下雨了。

5)       你喜欢踢足球而我喜欢弹钢琴。

6)      随着时间的推移，我们都渐渐长大了。

   Keys for reference:

1)      When he returned, his mother was cooking.

2)      While he was reading, his wife was cooking.

3)      As he cooked, he sang.

4)      We were about to start when it began to rain.

5)      You like playing football while I like playing the piano.

6)      As time went by, we all grew up.

4. Practice about the NMET tests(相关高考题):

1) He was about to tell me the secret ______________ someone patted him on the shoulder. (2003 上海)

 A. as            B. until           C. while         D. when

2) We were swimming in the lake ______________ suddenly the storm started. (2004, 北京)

A. when          B. while           C. until         D. before

3) Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park ___________ she was bitten on the leg by a lion. (2004, 上海)

A. when          B. while           C. until         D. before

4) I do every single bit of housework _________my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. (2004, 广西)

A. since         B. while        C. when        D. as

5) He transplanted the little tree to the garden_______ it was the best time for it. (2005, 上海)

A. where         B. when         C. while        D. as

6) ------Did Jack come back early last night?

-------Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock_______ he arrived home.   (2005, 福建)

A. before         B. when         C. that         D. until

7) ________I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. (2005, 浙江)

A. When          B. After         C. As          D. Since

8) The head of the company promised to deal with matters of this sort______ he returned to his office.

A. until          B. while        C. by the time         D. the moment

9) -------Did you remember to take the key to Tom?

-------Yes, I gave it to him _________ I saw him.

A. while           B. till     C. suddenly          D. the moment

       (Keys: DAABB BCDD)

 

Step 2: General introduction to Adverbial clause of time

1.  when；while； as （表示“当……的时候”）

   Generally speaking, if the sentences refer to a single event in the past, either “when”, “while” or “as” will be OK. For example:

· When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.

Besides, each of them has its own special usages.

1) “when” can refer to either a single event in the past or a period in the past. E.g.:

  · When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.         

   · When the film ended, the people went back.

  · As a young man (=when he was a young man), he was fond of hunting.

2)  “when” means “and at this/that time”, （表示“这时，突然….”）It is usually used in the following sentence patterns:

     ① Somebody was doing something when …

② Somebody was about to/going to do something when…

     ③ Somebody was on the point of doing something when…

     ④ Somebody has just done something when…

  · We were having a meeting when someone break in.

  · we were about to set off on our way, when it suddenly began to rain.

   3) “when” means “now that”. （含有“既然”的意思）

  ·It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.

4) “while” clause refers to a period in the past. （含有“在……期间”的意思） E.g.:

   ·Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.

   ·While I was wondering as this, our schoolmaster took his place.

5) “while” expresses “contrast”. （表示“而，却”的意思）

·He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music.

6) “as” refers to a a progressive change.

    ·As the weather was getting cold, the leaves turned yellow and fell to the ground.

   7) “as” means “at the same time”. （表示 “一边…一边…” 的意思）

    · He hurried home, looking behind as he went.

    · John sings as he works.

1.       As soon as; immediately; directly; the moment; the minute; no sooner…than…; hardly/scarcely…when…; once（表示“一…….就…….”）

 1). Once you remember it, you will never forget it.

 2). The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming.

 3). No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.

 4). The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.

 5). I had hardly got home when it began to rain.

Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.

2. Till; until; not…until （表示“直到……才…….”）

 1). He remained there until she arrived.

 2). You may stay here until the rain stops.

 3). He won’t go to bed till/until she returns.

 4). Until you told me I had no idea of it.

 5). It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.

 6). Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.

3. before 表示“在…….之前就……”; since （表示“自从…….到现在为止”）

 1). We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.

 2). We hadn’t ran a mile before he felt tired.

 3). Please write it down before you forget it.

 4). Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.

 5). Before they reached the station, the train had gone.

 6). It will be half a year before I come back.

 7). It won’t be long before we meet again.

 8). I have written home four times since I came here.

 9). She has been working in this factory since she left school.

10). It is three years since the war broke out.

11). It is three years since she was in our class.

12). It is three years since he lived here.

13). It is three years since I (have) smoked a cigar.= since I stopped smoking a cigar.

14). It is three years since I began to smoke.

4.        Every time; each time; next time; the first time; any time; all the time（表示“每次；下一次；第一次；任何时候；总是”）

 1). Every/each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.

 2). Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here.

 3). The last time he saw James, he was lying in bed.

 4). The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.

 5). You are welcome to come back any time you want to.

Step 3: The past perfect tense

1. Warming up

Warming up by reading, turn to page 27 and do the exercises.

1） Ex1: Read the contracts and answer the questions.

2)      Ex2: Read the sentences and answer the questions.

3)      Read the passage again. Choose three sentences in the past perfect tense and two in the past tense. Say which uses they show.

2. Summary about the past perfect tense

We’ve studied the past perfect tense in junior school in the past. Let’s have a revision about the tenses in brief. When and where to use the past perfect tenses is the most important point. Now, we have a conclusion: The past perfect tense is used to talk about actions that happened before something else in the past. To form the past perfect tense, use:

           had (simple past tense of have) + past participle of the verb

2.       Practice again to distinguish between the past perfect tense and the past tense.

Turn to page 27 and do the exercises.

1)      Ex3: Complete these sentences with the verbs in brackets.

2)      Ex4: Complete these sentences with the verbs in brackets.

Summary: The past perfect tense is used to talk about actions that happened before something else in the past, while the past tense is used to talk about actions that happened in the past.

·They went to school at seven o’clock yesterday. (表示动作行为发生在过去)

  ·They had finished their homework before they went to school at seven o’clock yesterday. （表示动作行为发生在过去的某事前）

4. Practice about the NMET tests(相关高考题):

1) How can you possibly miss the news? It ______ on TV all day along.   (2004, 北京)

A. has been         B. had been          C. was           D. will be

2) I _____while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my roommate woke me up in time. (2004, 北京)

A. had fallen asleep    B. have fallen asleep    C. fell asleep      D. fall asleep

3) I arrived late , I ______the road to be so icy.   (2004, 北京)

A. wouldn’t expect    B. haven’t expect      C. hadn’t expect   D. wasn’t expect

4) The crazy fans ______ patiently foe two hours and they would wait till the movie star arrived.   (2004, 重庆)

A. were waiting       B. had been waiting      C. had waited     D. would wait

5) The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class ,______visiting a museum when the earthquake stuck.    (2004, 北京)

A. was             B. were           C. had been        D. would be

6) -----What were you doing when Tony phoned you?

 -----I had just finished my homework and _____to take a shower.   (2004, 天津)

A. had started       B. started          C. have started          D. was starting

7) Let’s keep to the point or we ______any decisions.    (NMET 2004, )

A. will never reach        B. have never reached    

C. never reach            D. never reached

8) My mind was not on what he was saying , so I’m afraid I _____half of it.   (NMET 2004, )

A. was missing      B. had missed      C. will miss        D. missed

9) -----I hear Jane has gone to the Holy island for her holiday.

-----Oh, how nice! Do you know when she _____?    (2004, 湖北)

A. was leaving      B. had left         C. has left           D. left

10) He kept looking at her, wondering whether he _______her somewhere.    (2004, 湖北)

A. saw             B. has seen        C. sees          D. had seen

( Keys: ACCBA    DADDD )

Step 3: Homework

Read the email from a British student named Sandra (page 25) and ｗrite a reply, answering the questions after the email.